Hawaiian Mountain: Mauna Kea vs Mauna Loa

The Hawaiian Islands, forged by volcanic activity, are home to several significant mountains, with Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa representing two of the most prominent examples; volcanism is therefore a key factor in understanding their formation. The University of Hawai’i Institute for Astronomy operates observatories atop Mauna Kea, leveraging its unique atmospheric conditions for astronomical research. In considering the sheer mass and volume, Mauna Loa is often cited as the largest active volcano on Earth, demonstrating substantial differences in size and activity compared to other mountains in hawaiian. The concept of shield volcanoes directly applies to both Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, characterizing their broad, gently sloping shapes created by the effusive eruption of basaltic lava.

Unveiling the Giants: Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa

The island of Hawai’i, affectionately known as the Big Island, is a land forged in the crucible of volcanic fire.

Here, the raw power of geological processes has sculpted a dramatic landscape, a testament to the Earth’s restless energy.

Rising majestically from this volcanic tableau are two titans: Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.

These mountains are not mere geographical features; they are complex ecosystems, astronomical vantage points, and deeply revered cultural landmarks.

This exploration delves into the heart of these imposing peaks, seeking to understand their unique characteristics and shared origins.

A Tale of Two Mountains

Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa dominate the Big Island’s skyline, but their stories diverge in fascinating ways.

Mauna Loa, one of the Earth’s largest active volcanoes, is a dynamic force, a constant reminder of the island’s volatile nature.

Its eruptions have shaped the landscape for millennia, and it continues to be closely monitored by scientists.

Mauna Kea, in contrast, stands as a dormant giant, its volcanic activity subdued but its summit a prized location for astronomical observation.

Here, cutting-edge telescopes pierce the heavens, unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos.

Geological Foundation

Both mountains owe their existence to the Hawaiian hotspot, a plume of molten rock rising from deep within the Earth’s mantle.

As the Pacific Plate slowly drifts over this hotspot, volcanoes are born, grow, and eventually become extinct.

Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are both shield volcanoes, characterized by their broad, gently sloping profiles, built up over countless eruptions.

Significance Beyond Geology

These mountains transcend simple geological formations, holding profound cultural and spiritual significance for Native Hawaiians.

They are viewed as sacred spaces, imbued with mana (spiritual power), and connected to deities and ancestral figures.

The peaks are also critical to understanding Earth and the universe and play an important role in science.

Astronomy and geological research relies on studying these mountains.

Scope of Exploration

This discussion will explore the geological origins of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.

We’ll examine their cultural significance to Native Hawaiians, and Mauna Kea’s pivotal role in astronomical research.

Furthermore, it will analyze the environmental impact of human activity and conservation efforts.

Finally, we will draw comparisons between the two mountains, highlighting their unique characteristics and shared heritage.

Geological Origins: A Tale of Tectonics and Volcanic Fury

From the lush rainforests to the stark volcanic deserts, the Hawaiian Islands are a living testament to the power of geological forces. These islands, and the imposing volcanoes that define them, are not simply random formations; they are the result of a complex interplay between plate tectonics, volcanic hotspots, and the patient accumulation of lava flows over millions of years. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, two of the most significant peaks on the Big Island, offer a compelling window into these dynamic processes.

The Hawaiian Hotspot and Plate Tectonics

The story of the Hawaiian Islands begins deep beneath the Earth’s crust, with a mantle plume, often referred to as a hotspot. This upwelling of molten rock remains relatively stationary, while the Pacific Plate slowly moves over it.

As the plate drifts, the hotspot punches through, creating a chain of volcanoes. Over countless millennia, these volcanoes erupt, building themselves into islands.

As the plate continues its relentless journey, each volcano is carried away from the hotspot, eventually becoming dormant and eroding into the ocean depths. This is precisely how the Hawaiian Island chain was formed, with the Big Island of Hawai’i currently positioned directly over the hotspot.

The Birth of Shield Volcanoes

Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are classic examples of shield volcanoes.

These volcanoes are characterized by their broad, gently sloping shapes, resembling a warrior’s shield laid flat on the ground. This distinctive form is a direct result of the type of lava that erupts from them.

Hawaiian volcanoes primarily erupt basaltic lava, which is relatively low in viscosity. This means it flows easily and over long distances, creating expansive, shallow slopes rather than steep, conical peaks. Over time, countless lava flows accumulate, layer upon layer, building up the massive bulk of these shield volcanoes.

Mauna Loa: A Continuously Active Giant

Mauna Loa, whose name means "Long Mountain," truly lives up to its moniker. It is the largest active volcano on Earth, a behemoth whose immense mass has actually depressed the surrounding seafloor. Mauna Loa is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the world.

Throughout its history, Mauna Loa has experienced numerous eruptions, shaping and reshaping the landscape with fiery rivers of molten rock.

Historical Eruptions and Lava Flows

Historical records indicate that Mauna Loa has erupted frequently, with major events occurring in the 19th and 20th centuries.

These eruptions have often produced impressive lava flows that have reached the sea, adding new land to the island. The most recent eruption occurred in late 2022, ending a nearly 40-year period of dormancy.

Monitoring by the USGS

Given its active status, Mauna Loa is closely monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Scientists utilize a range of sophisticated instruments to track the volcano’s behavior.

Seismographs detect and measure ground vibrations, providing early warnings of potential eruptions.

GPS instruments monitor subtle changes in the volcano’s shape, which can indicate magma movement beneath the surface. This data is critical for assessing the likelihood of future eruptions and mitigating potential hazards.

Mauna Kea: A Dormant Giant, Steeped in History

In stark contrast to its fiery neighbor, Mauna Kea, meaning "White Mountain," is currently considered a dormant volcano. Though its slopes are sometimes capped with snow in winter, the name also alludes to its sacred status.

Tracing Mauna Kea’s Volcanic Past

Mauna Kea is the tallest volcano when measuring its full height from its base on the ocean floor, exceeding even Mount Everest. Its last eruption occurred thousands of years ago, and its volcanic activity has significantly decreased over time.

While Mauna Kea may be dormant, it is important to remember that volcanoes can remain inactive for extended periods before erupting again. Scientists continue to study Mauna Kea, seeking to better understand its past behavior and assess the possibility of future activity.

Sacred Peaks: Cultural and Historical Significance to Native Hawaiians

From the molten depths to the starry heights, the Hawaiian Islands are steeped in a history that intertwines the natural and the supernatural. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, towering sentinels of the Big Island, are not merely geological formations; they are living embodiments of Hawaiian cosmology, revered as sacred entities deeply interwoven with the identity and spirituality of the Native Hawaiians (Kanaka Maoli). To truly understand these mountains, one must delve into the rich tapestry of Hawaiian mythology, the intricate societal structures that governed their use, and the enduring connection that binds the Kanaka Maoli to their ancestral lands.

Mountains as Gods: The Realm of Hawaiian Mythology

In traditional Hawaiian belief, the natural world is imbued with mana, a spiritual life force that permeates all things. Mountains, as prominent features of the landscape, possess a particularly potent mana, elevating them to the status of akua (gods) or kinolau (physical manifestations) of deities.

Mauna Kea, whose name means "white mountain," is considered the wahi pana (sacred place) of several deities, including Wakea, the sky father, and Lilinoe, the goddess of mist and snow. Its summit, often shrouded in clouds, was traditionally a place of pilgrimage and spiritual retreat, reserved for the ali’i (chiefs) and kahuna (priests).

Mauna Loa, meaning "long mountain," is associated with Pele, the fiery goddess of volcanoes, who embodies both creation and destruction. Her presence is felt in the molten lava that flows from its vents, shaping and reshaping the landscape in an eternal dance of power.

The Kapu System: Regulating Access and Respect

To protect the sanctity of these sacred peaks and maintain the delicate balance between humanity and nature, the Kapu system of laws and regulations was established. This intricate code dictated who could access certain areas, what activities were permitted, and what offerings were required to appease the gods.

The summit of Mauna Kea, for example, was strictly off-limits to commoners, except under specific circumstances and with the permission of the ali’i. Violations of the Kapu were considered acts of sacrilege, punishable by death.

This system served not only to preserve the sacredness of the mountains but also to ensure the sustainable use of resources and the overall well-being of the community.

Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau: A Sanctuary of Life

While the Kapu system could be strict, it also provided avenues for redemption and refuge. Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, located on the Kona coast of the Big Island, stands as a testament to this aspect of Hawaiian society.

This pu’uhonua (place of refuge) was a sanctuary where those who had violated the Kapu, as well as defeated warriors and other fugitives, could seek absolution. By reaching the boundaries of the pu’uhonua, they could escape certain death and undergo a process of purification before returning to their communities.

The existence of Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau underscores the importance of justice, compassion, and reconciliation in traditional Hawaiian culture.

Enduring Legacy: Respecting the Sacred

The cultural and historical significance of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa extends far beyond their geological features. These mountains are living symbols of Hawaiian identity, spirituality, and connection to the land.

As we contemplate their future, amid the pressures of scientific advancement and economic development, it is crucial to remember the sacredness of these peaks and to approach them with humility, respect, and a commitment to preserving their cultural heritage for generations to come. The legacy of the Kanaka Maoli, their deep understanding of the natural world, and their enduring reverence for the mountains offer invaluable lessons for all who seek to connect with the spirit of Hawai’i.

Reaching for the Stars: Scientific Exploration on Mauna Kea

From the molten depths to the starry heights, the Hawaiian Islands are steeped in a history that intertwines the natural and the supernatural. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, towering sentinels of the Big Island, are not merely geological formations; they are living embodiments of Hawaiian heritage and scientific wonder. This section explores Mauna Kea’s unique suitability for astronomical observation, the observatories that dot its summit, and the complex discussions surrounding scientific advancement on sacred lands.

Mauna Kea: An Astronomer’s Paradise

Mauna Kea’s exceptional atmospheric conditions make it one of the premier astronomical sites on Earth. Its high altitude places it above much of the atmosphere’s water vapor, which can interfere with observations.

The stable, dry air results in minimal atmospheric turbulence, yielding exceptionally clear images of celestial objects.

Its location in the mid-Pacific also contributes to dark skies, far from significant light pollution.

The Observatories of Mauna Kea

Several world-class observatories call Mauna Kea home, each contributing significantly to our understanding of the universe.

• Subaru Telescope: Operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Subaru is renowned for its large primary mirror and wide field of view. It allows astronomers to capture detailed images of distant galaxies and faint objects.

• Gemini Observatory: As part of an international partnership, the Gemini Observatory consists of two 8.1-meter telescopes, one in Hawai’i and one in Chile. The Mauna Kea telescope, Gemini North, is optimized for infrared observations, probing the universe’s colder regions.

• Keck Observatory: Featuring twin 10-meter telescopes, Keck is among the largest and most powerful telescopes in the world. Its adaptive optics system compensates for atmospheric distortions, providing unprecedented image resolution.

The Impact on Astronomical Research

The observatories on Mauna Kea have revolutionized astronomy. Discoveries made from its vantage point include:

• Characterizing exoplanets and their atmospheres.
• Studying the formation and evolution of galaxies.
• Mapping the distribution of dark matter.

Mauna Kea continues to be a vital hub for cutting-edge research, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge about the cosmos.

The Role of the University of Hawai’i

The University of Hawai’i (UH) plays a crucial role in managing the Mauna Kea Science Reserve.

UH is responsible for stewardship of the summit area, balancing scientific research with cultural and environmental concerns.

This stewardship includes:

• Leasing land to observatory operators.
• Overseeing environmental monitoring.
• Enforcing regulations designed to protect Mauna Kea’s unique ecosystem.

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Controversy

The proposed Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) has ignited intense debate. While promising revolutionary astronomical discoveries, its proposed location on Mauna Kea has faced strong opposition.

Many Native Hawaiians consider the summit sacred and object to further development.

The Debate: Science vs. Sacredness

The TMT controversy highlights the tension between scientific progress and cultural preservation. Proponents argue that TMT’s advanced capabilities will lead to breakthroughs in our understanding of the universe.

Opponents counter that building on sacred land disrespects Native Hawaiian traditions and values.

Finding a balance between scientific pursuits and cultural sensitivity remains a critical challenge.

Telescopes: Windows to the Universe

Telescopes are essential instruments in astronomy, allowing us to observe distant objects and phenomena that are invisible to the naked eye.

They collect and focus light, enabling astronomers to study the composition, motion, and evolution of celestial objects.

From small backyard telescopes to massive ground-based observatories like those on Mauna Kea, telescopes provide invaluable data that shapes our understanding of the cosmos.

Accuracy, Objectivity, and Cultural Sensitivity

Discussing scientific endeavors on Mauna Kea demands accuracy, objectivity, and profound cultural sensitivity. It is crucial to:

• Present scientific findings with precision and clarity.
• Acknowledge diverse perspectives on the TMT controversy.
• Respect the cultural significance of Mauna Kea to Native Hawaiians.

Balancing these elements is essential for fostering informed discussions and responsible decision-making.

The Scientists of Mauna Kea

The geologists, astronomers, and other researchers who study Mauna Kea are driven by a passion for discovery.

They employ diverse methods to unravel the mountain’s geological history, study its unique ecosystem, and explore the universe from its summit.

Their dedication and expertise contribute significantly to our understanding of the world around us and our place in the cosmos.

Guardians of the Land: Environmental Impact and Conservation Efforts

From the molten depths to the starry heights, the Hawaiian Islands are steeped in a history that intertwines the natural and the supernatural. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, towering sentinels of the Big Island, are not merely geological formations; they are living embodiments of Hawaiian heritage, cradling unique ecosystems that demand our utmost respect and protection. As these majestic mountains face increasing pressures, understanding the delicate balance between human activity and environmental preservation becomes paramount.

The Fragile Ecosystems of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa

Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa harbor surprisingly diverse ecosystems, each adapted to the extreme conditions of high altitude and volcanic terrain. These environments support a variety of endemic species, found nowhere else on Earth.

The alpine and subalpine zones of Mauna Kea, in particular, are home to the Wēkiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola), a rare insect adapted to survive in freezing temperatures and feeding on dead insects blown up the mountain. Similarly, Mauna Loa’s slopes are covered in unique Ōhiʻa lehua forests, providing habitat for native birds like the ‘I’iwi and ‘Apapane. These ecosystems are incredibly fragile.

They are susceptible to even minor disturbances. Therefore, understanding and protecting them is of the utmost importance.

Threats to the Mountains: Tourism, Development, and Climate Change

Unfortunately, these delicate ecosystems face numerous threats. The increasing popularity of tourism brings increased foot traffic, potentially damaging fragile vegetation and disturbing wildlife.

Development, particularly on Mauna Kea, has been controversial, as the construction of observatories and related infrastructure has faced opposition due to cultural and environmental concerns.

Climate change poses a long-term threat, with rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns potentially shifting habitat ranges and increasing the risk of invasive species. The changing climate could also trigger more frequent and intense wildfires, further disrupting these already stressed ecosystems.

The Impact of Invasive Species

Invasive species represent another significant challenge. Introduced plants and animals can outcompete native species, disrupt food webs, and alter ecosystem processes. Feral ungulates, such as goats and sheep, graze on native vegetation, causing erosion and preventing forest regeneration. Non-native plants can quickly spread, displacing native flora and reducing habitat quality.

Conservation Efforts: Protecting Native Flora and Fauna

Recognizing the importance of preserving these unique ecosystems, various conservation efforts are underway. These initiatives include:

• Controlling invasive species
• Restoring native habitats
• Implementing sustainable tourism practices

Organizations such as the Mauna Kea Watershed Alliance are actively working to protect the mountain’s upper watershed, which is vital for water resources and native biodiversity.

Reforestation and Habitat Restoration

Reforestation efforts focus on planting native trees and shrubs to restore degraded areas and enhance habitat connectivity. These projects often involve removing invasive plants and protecting seedlings from browsing animals. Habitat restoration also includes controlling erosion and stabilizing soils to prevent further degradation.

Sustainable Tourism Practices

Promoting sustainable tourism practices is crucial for minimizing the impact of visitors on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. This includes educating visitors about the importance of respecting the environment.

It also includes encouraging them to stay on designated trails, and supporting local businesses that prioritize conservation. Limiting access to sensitive areas and implementing permit systems can also help manage visitor numbers and protect vulnerable ecosystems.

The Role of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR)

The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) plays a critical role in overseeing land management and environmental protection on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. The DLNR is responsible for:

• Managing state-owned lands
• Enforcing environmental regulations
• Protecting native species

The department works closely with other agencies, organizations, and community groups to develop and implement conservation strategies.

Land Management and Environmental Regulations

The DLNR’s land management responsibilities include regulating activities such as tourism, development, and resource extraction. The department also enforces environmental regulations to prevent pollution, protect water quality, and conserve biodiversity.

Community Involvement and Education

Effective conservation requires the active involvement of local communities. The DLNR works to engage communities in conservation efforts through education programs, volunteer opportunities, and collaborative management initiatives. This ensures that conservation strategies are culturally sensitive and meet the needs of local residents.

Protecting Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa is not merely an environmental imperative; it is a cultural and ethical responsibility. By understanding the threats these mountains face and supporting conservation efforts, we can ensure that these majestic landscapes continue to inspire awe and provide refuge for native species for generations to come.

From the molten depths to the starry heights, the Hawaiian Islands are steeped in a history that intertwines the natural and the supernatural. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, towering sentinels of the Big Island, are not merely geological formations; they are living embodiments of Hawaii’s dynamic past and uncertain future. This begs the question: How do these two behemoths of the Pacific truly stack up against each other?

Mountain Face-Off: A Comparative Analysis of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa

While both Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa share a common origin as shield volcanoes fueled by the Hawaiian hotspot, their current state and cultural significance diverge in fascinating ways. Examining these differences reveals a richer understanding of the Big Island’s volcanic landscape.

Geological Status and Activity: Dormancy vs. Unrelenting Force

Mauna Loa remains one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. Its frequent eruptions, closely monitored by the USGS, serve as a constant reminder of the raw power simmering beneath the island. The most recent eruption was in late 2022, after nearly 40 years of dormancy.

In stark contrast, Mauna Kea is considered dormant. While it last erupted approximately 4,600 years ago, there is still a possibility for renewed activity.

This difference in geological status significantly shapes our perception of each mountain. Mauna Loa commands respect through its unpredictable force, whereas Mauna Kea invites contemplation of a powerful, but sleeping giant.

Height and Size: Above and Below the Surface

When considering elevation, Mauna Kea technically surpasses Mauna Loa, reaching 13,803 feet above sea level, making it the highest point in the state of Hawai’i.

However, when measuring from base to peak, with its base residing on the ocean floor, Mauna Loa claims the title of the largest volcano on Earth in terms of volume and mass.

This distinction is crucial. Mauna Kea’s height affords it unparalleled astronomical advantages, while Mauna Loa’s sheer bulk underscores its dominance over the surrounding landscape.

Cultural Perceptions: Sacred Ground

Both mountains hold immense cultural significance for Native Hawaiians, yet their specific roles within traditional beliefs differ.

Mauna Kea, whose name translates to "white mountain," is revered as a sacred place. It is associated with deities and ancestral spirits. Access to its summit was traditionally restricted to high-ranking chiefs and priests.

Mauna Loa, meaning "long mountain," is connected to Pele, the goddess of volcanoes and fire. Its eruptions are seen as expressions of her power and presence, shaping the land and influencing lives.

Both, however, are viewed as kūpuna, or respected elders, embodying the wisdom and history of the Hawaiian people.

Contextualizing Within the Hawaiian Volcanic Landscape: Kīlauea and Haleakalā

To further illustrate the unique characteristics of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, it’s helpful to briefly compare them to two other prominent Hawaiian volcanoes: Kīlauea and Haleakalā.

Kīlauea, known for its prolonged effusive eruptions and devastating lava flows, is a stark reminder of the ongoing volcanic processes shaping the islands. While smaller in stature than Mauna Loa, Kīlauea’s recent activity has had a profound impact on the Big Island’s communities and landscape.

Haleakalā on Maui, a massive shield volcano, presents a different story. While technically active, it has remained relatively quiet in recent centuries. Haleakalā’s vast, eroded crater and unique high-altitude ecosystems offer a contrasting perspective on the long-term evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa

[From the molten depths to the starry heights, the Hawaiian Islands are steeped in a history that intertwines the natural and the supernatural. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, towering sentinels of the Big Island, are not merely geological formations; they are living embodiments of Hawaii’s dynamic past and uncertain future. This begs the question: How do we navigate the complexities of preserving these majestic landscapes, balancing scientific progress with cultural respect, and ensuring their resilience in the face of an ever-changing world?]

A Synthesis of Knowledge and Foresight

Our exploration has revealed Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa as multifaceted entities. These are geological wonders, cultural icons, and scientific frontiers.

Mauna Loa, the active giant, demands constant vigilance. Its future hinges on our ability to anticipate and mitigate volcanic hazards.

Mauna Kea, the dormant sentinel, faces a different set of challenges. These include the ongoing debates surrounding astronomical development and the preservation of its sacred landscape.

The Unfolding Geological Narrative

Mauna Loa’s geological future remains dynamic and unpredictable. Continuous monitoring by the USGS is crucial.

Advances in seismology and GPS technology offer hope for improved eruption forecasting. However, the inherent uncertainties of volcanic activity necessitate a proactive approach to risk management.

Preparedness plans and community education are essential to minimize the potential impact of future eruptions. Understanding the past is critical to navigate what is to come.

Scientific Endeavors: Reaching for New Horizons

Mauna Kea’s astronomical significance is undeniable. The observatories have revolutionized our understanding of the universe.

The future of scientific research on Mauna Kea hinges on finding a harmonious balance between astronomical pursuits and cultural preservation. Respectful dialogue and collaboration are essential to navigate these complex issues.

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) remains a flashpoint, symbolizing the ongoing tensions between scientific progress and indigenous rights. Its fate will likely shape the future of astronomical development on Mauna Kea.

Cultural Preservation: Honoring the Sacred Legacy

The cultural significance of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa to Native Hawaiians cannot be overstated. These mountains are not merely landscapes; they are living embodiments of Hawaiian spirituality and ancestral connections.

Preserving the cultural integrity of these sacred sites requires ongoing consultation with Native Hawaiian communities. Their voices and perspectives must be central to all decision-making processes.

Educational initiatives can promote a deeper understanding and appreciation of Hawaiian culture. Cultivating respect and reverence is key to fostering a more harmonious relationship with the land.

Environmental Stewardship: Protecting Fragile Ecosystems

The unique ecosystems of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa face increasing threats from tourism, development, and climate change.

Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect native flora and fauna. This requires sustainable tourism practices and responsible land management.

Addressing the impacts of climate change is paramount. Mitigation strategies, such as reducing carbon emissions, are essential to safeguard the long-term health of these fragile ecosystems.

A Call for Understanding and Respect

The future of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa depends on our collective commitment to understanding and respect.

These mountains are not merely resources to be exploited. They are integral parts of a complex web of life, deserving of our care and protection.

By embracing a holistic approach that integrates geological science, cultural sensitivity, and environmental stewardship, we can ensure that these majestic landmarks continue to inspire and enrich generations to come.

Let us strive to be worthy guardians of these sacred peaks. Let respect be the guiding principle in all future endeavors.

So, next time you’re dreaming of Hawaii and its majestic mauna, or mountains in Hawaiian, remember there’s more than meets the eye! Whether you’re marveling at Mauna Kea’s stargazing potential or contemplating Mauna Loa’s sheer volcanic power, you’re experiencing the incredible geological story of the islands. Now, go forth and impress your friends with your newfound Hawaiian mountain knowledge!